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Are There Other Monks Who Study Martial Arts Other Than Shao Lin

Written By Tuesday 26 April 2022 Add Comment Edit

Kung Fu

Chinese martial arts
Traditional Chinese 武術
Simplified Chinese 武术
Literal meaning "martial technique"

A monk practicing kung fu in the bamboo woods inside the Shaolin Temple

Chinese martial arts, oftentimes called by the umbrella terms kung fu (; Chinese: 功夫; pinyin: gōngfu ; Cantonese Yale: gūng fū ), kuoshu (國術; guóshù ) or wushu (武術; wǔshù ), are multiple fighting styles that take developed over the centuries in Greater Prc. These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as "families" of martial arts. Examples of such traits include Shaolinquan (少林拳) concrete exercises involving All Other Animals (五形) mimicry or preparation methods inspired by Old Chinese philosophies, religions and legends. Styles that focus on qi manipulation are called internal ( 内家拳 ; nèijiāquán ), while others that concentrate on improving muscle and cardiovascular fitness are called external ( 外家拳 ; wàijiāquán ). Geographical association, as in northern ( 北拳 ; běiquán ) and southern ( 南拳 ; nánquán ), is some other popular classification method.

Terminology [edit]

Kung fu, wushu and "Tillage"are loanwords from Cantonese and Mandarin respectively that, in English, are used to refer to Chinese martial arts. However, the Chinese terms kung fu and wushu ( listen (Mandarin)(help·info) ; Cantonese Yale: móuh seuht ) have distinct meanings.[i] The Chinese equivalent of the term "Chinese martial arts" would exist Zhongguo wushu (Chinese: 中國武術; pinyin: zhōngguó wǔshù ) (Standard mandarin).

In Chinese, the term kung fu refers to whatever skill that is acquired through learning or practice. It is a compound word composed of the words 功 (gōng) meaning "work", "achievement", or "merit", and 夫 (fū) which is a particle or nominal suffix with various meanings.

Wushu literally means "martial art". It is formed from the two Chinese characters 武術 : 武 ( wǔ ), meaning "martial" or "military" and 術 or 术 ( shù ), which translates into "art", "discipline", "skill" or "method". The term wushu has also become the proper name for the modern sport of wushu, an exhibition and full-contact sport of blank-handed and weapon forms (套路), adapted and judged to a ready of aesthetic criteria for points adult since 1949 in the People'southward Republic of China.[ii] [3]

Quánfǎ ( 拳法 ) is another Chinese term for Chinese martial arts. It means "fist method" or "the law of the fist" (quán means "battle" or "fist", and fǎ means "law", "fashion" or "method"), although as a compound term it ordinarily translates as "boxing" or "fighting technique." The proper noun of the Japanese martial fine art kempō is represented past the same hanzi characters.

History [edit]

The genesis of Chinese martial arts has been attributed to the demand for self-defence force, hunting techniques and military machine training in ancient China. Mitt-to-hand gainsay and weapons exercise were important in grooming ancient Chinese soldiers.[4] [5]

Detailed knowledge about the state and evolution of Chinese martial arts became bachelor from the Nanjing decade (1928–1937), as the Key Guoshu Institute established by the Kuomintang government fabricated an attempt to compile an encyclopedic survey of martial arts schools. Since the 1950s, the People's Republic of People's republic of china has organized Chinese martial arts as an exhibition and full-contact sport under the heading of "wushu".

Legendary origins [edit]

According to legend, Chinese martial arts originated during the semi-mythical Xia Dynasty (夏朝) more than 4,000 years ago.[half dozen] It is said the Xanthous Emperor (Huangdi) (legendary date of ascension 2698 BCE) introduced the earliest fighting systems to China.[7] The Yellow Emperor is described equally a famous general who, before condign People's republic of china's leader, wrote lengthy treatises on medicine, astrology and the martial arts. One of his main opponents was Chi You lot (蚩尤) who was credited as the creator of jiao di, a precursor to the modern art of Chinese wrestling.[8]

Early history [edit]

The earliest references to Chinese martial arts are found in the Bound and Fall Register (5th century BCE),[9] where a hand-to-manus gainsay theory, one that integrates notions of "hard" and "soft" techniques, is mentioned.[10] A combat wrestling system called juélì or jiǎolì ( 角力 ) is mentioned in the Classic of Rites.[xi] This combat arrangement included techniques such as strikes, throws, joint manipulation, and pressure point attacks. Jiao Di became a sport during the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE). The Han History Bibliographies record that, by the Former Han (206 BCE – 8 CE), there was a stardom between no-holds-barred weaponless fighting, which it calls shǒubó ( 手搏 ), for which training manuals had already been written, and sportive wrestling, and so known every bit juélì ( 角力 ). Wrestling is also documented in the Shǐ Jì, Records of the Grand Historian, written by Sima Qian (ca. 100 BCE).[12]

In the Tang Dynasty, descriptions of sword dances were immortalized in poems past Li Bai. In the Song and Yuan dynasties, xiangpu contests were sponsored by the regal courts. The modern concepts of wushu were fully adult by the Ming and Qing dynasties.[13]

Philosophical influences [edit]

The ideas associated with Chinese martial arts changed with the development of Chinese society and over time acquired some philosophical bases: Passages in the Zhuangzi ( 莊子 ), a Taoist text, pertain to the psychology and practice of martial arts. Zhuang Zi, its eponymous author, is believed to have lived in the 4th century BCE. The Tao Te Ching, often credited to Lao Zi, is another Taoist text that contains principles applicative to martial arts. According to 1 of the archetype texts of Confucianism, Zhou Li ( 周禮 ), Archery and charioteering were part of the "vi arts" (Chinese: 六藝; pinyin: liu yi , including rites, music, calligraphy and mathematics) of the Zhou Dynasty (1122–256 BCE). The Art of War ( 孫子兵法 ), written during the 6th century BCE by Sun Tzu ( 孫子 ), deals directly with military warfare but contains ideas that are used in the Chinese martial arts.

Taoist practitioners accept been practicing Tao Yin (concrete exercises similar to Qigong that was 1 of the progenitors to T'ai chi ch'uan) from as early as 500 BCE.[fourteen] In 39–92 CE, "Vi Capacity of Mitt Fighting", were included in the Han Shu (history of the Onetime Han Dynasty) written past Pan Ku. Also, the noted doc, Hua Tuo, equanimous the "Five Animals Play"—tiger, deer, monkey, carry, and bird, around 208 CE.[15] Taoist philosophy and their approach to health and practise take influenced the Chinese martial arts to a certain extent. Direct reference to Taoist concepts can be found in such styles as the "Eight Immortals," which uses fighting techniques attributed to the characteristics of each immortal.[xvi]

Southern and Northern dynasties (420–589 Advertizing) [edit]

Shaolin temple established [edit]

In 495 CE, a Shaolin temple was built in the Song mountain, Henan province. The showtime monk who preached Buddhism at that place was the Indian monk named Buddhabhadra (佛陀跋陀羅; Fótuóbátuóluó ), simply called Batuo (跋陀) by the Chinese. There are historical records that Batuo's first Chinese disciples, Huiguang (慧光) and Sengchou (僧稠), both had infrequent martial skills.[ commendation needed ] For example, Sengchou's skill with the tin staff is even documented in the Chinese Buddhist catechism.[ citation needed ] Later on Buddhabadra, another Indian[17] monk, named Bodhidharma (菩提達摩; Pútídámó ), besides known as Damo (達摩) by the Chinese, came to Shaolin in 527 CE. His Chinese disciple, Huike (慧可), was too a highly trained martial arts skilful.[ citation needed ] At that place are implications that these first three Chinese Shaolin monks, Huiguang, Sengchou, and Huike, may have been military men earlier entering the monastic life.[eighteen]

Shaolin and temple-based martial arts [edit]

The Shaolin style of kung fu is regarded as i of the first institutionalized Chinese martial arts.[19] The oldest evidence of Shaolin participation in combat is a stele from 728 CE that attests to two occasions: a defense of the Shaolin Monastery from bandits around 610 CE, and their subsequent function in the defeat of Wang Shichong at the Boxing of Hulao in 621 CE. From the 8th to the 15th centuries, there are no extant documents that provide testify of Shaolin participation in combat.

Between the 16th and 17th centuries, at least forty sources exist to provide evidence both that monks of Shaolin practiced martial arts, and that martial exercise became an integral element of Shaolin monastic life. The primeval appearance of the frequently cited legend concerning Bodhidharma'south supposed foundation of Shaolin Kung Fu dates to this period.[20] The origin of this fable has been traced to the Ming period'southward Yijin Jing or "Muscle Alter Classic", a text written in 1624 attributed to Bodhidharma.

Delineation of fighting monks demonstrating their skills to visiting dignitaries (early 19th-century mural in the Shaolin Monastery).

References of martial arts do in Shaolin announced in various literary genres of the belatedly Ming: the epitaphs of Shaolin warrior monks, martial-arts manuals, war machine encyclopedias, historical writings, travelogues, fiction, and verse. However, these sources practice not point out any specific mode that originated in Shaolin.[21] These sources, in dissimilarity to those from the Tang period, refer to Shaolin methods of armed gainsay. These include a skill for which Shaolin monks became famous: the staff (gùn, Cantonese gwan). The Ming General Qi Jiguang included a description of Shaolin Quan Fa (Chinese: 少林拳法; Wade–Giles: Shao Lin Ch'üan Fa ; lit. 'Shaolin fist technique'; Japanese: Shorin Kempo) and staff techniques in his book, Ji Xiao Xin Shu ( 紀效新書 ), which can translate as New Book Recording Effective Techniques. When this book spread across East Asia, it had a cracking influence on the evolution of martial arts in regions such every bit Okinawa[22] and Korea.[23]

Modern history [edit]

Republican period [edit]

Most fighting styles that are beingness practiced equally traditional Chinese martial arts today reached their popularity within the 20th century. Some of these include Baguazhang, Drunken Boxing, Eagle Claw, Five Animals, Xingyi, Hung Gar, Monkey, Bak Mei Pai, Northern Praying Mantis, Southern Praying Mantis, Fujian White Crane, Jow Ga, Wing Chun and Taijiquan. The increase in the popularity of those styles is a result of the dramatic changes occurring inside the Chinese society.

In 1900–01, the Righteous and Harmonious Fists rose against foreign occupiers and Christian missionaries in Communist china. This uprising is known in the West every bit the Boxer Rebellion due to the martial arts and calisthenics adept past the rebels. Empress Dowager Cixi gained control of the rebellion and tried to use information technology against the foreign powers. The failure of the rebellion led ten years later to the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the cosmos of the Chinese Democracy.

The present view of Chinese martial arts is strongly influenced past the events of the Republican Period (1912–1949). In the transition menstruation betwixt the autumn of the Qing Dynasty too every bit the turmoil of the Japanese invasion and the Chinese Ceremonious War, Chinese martial arts became more than attainable to the general public as many martial artists were encouraged to openly teach their art. At that time, some considered martial arts as a means to promote national pride and build a strong nation. As a result, many training manuals (拳譜) were published, a preparation academy was created, ii national examinations were organized and sit-in teams traveled overseas.[24] Numerous martial arts associations were formed throughout Red china and in various overseas Chinese communities. The Central Guoshu Academy (Zhongyang Guoshuguan, 中央國術館) established by the National Regime in 1928[25] and the Jing Wu Athletic Association (精武體育會) founded past Huo Yuanjia in 1910 are examples of organizations that promoted a systematic approach for training in Chinese martial arts.[26] [27] [28] A series of provincial and national competitions were organized by the Republican authorities starting in 1932 to promote Chinese martial arts. In 1936, at the 11th Olympic Games in Berlin, a group of Chinese martial artists demonstrated their fine art to an international audience for the first time.

The term kuoshu (or guoshu, 國術 meaning "national art"), rather than the colloquial term gongfu was introduced past the Kuomintang in an effort to more closely acquaintance Chinese martial arts with national pride rather than private accomplishment.

People's Republic [edit]

Chinese martial arts experienced rapid international dissemination with the end of the Chinese Civil War and the founding of the People's Commonwealth of People's republic of china on Oct i, 1949. Many well known martial artists chose to escape from the PRC's rule and migrate to Taiwan, Hong Kong,[29] and other parts of the globe. Those masters started to teach within the overseas Chinese communities but eventually they expanded their teachings to include people from other ethnic groups.

Inside Cathay, the practice of traditional martial arts was discouraged during the turbulent years of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1969–1976).[3] Similar many other aspects of traditional Chinese life, martial arts were subjected to a radical transformation by the People's Republic of People's republic of china to align them with Maoist revolutionary doctrine.[iii] The PRC promoted the committee-regulated sport of Wushu as a replacement for independent schools of martial arts. This new contest sport was disassociated from what was seen as the potentially subversive self-defense force aspects and family lineages of Chinese martial arts.[iii]

In 1958, the regime established the All-Cathay Wushu Association as an umbrella organisation to regulate martial arts training. The Chinese Country Commission for Physical Civilisation and Sports took the atomic number 82 in creating standardized forms for almost of the major arts. During this period, a national Wushu system that included standard forms, education curriculum, and instructor grading was established. Wushu was introduced at both the loftier school and university level. The suppression of traditional teaching was relaxed during the Era of Reconstruction (1976–1989), every bit Communist credo became more accommodating to alternative viewpoints.[30] In 1979, the State Commission for Physical Culture and Sports created a special task force to reevaluate the education and practice of Wushu. In 1986, the Chinese National Enquiry Institute of Wushu was established as the central authorization for the research and administration of Wushu activities in the People's Democracy of People's republic of china.[31]

Irresolute regime policies and attitudes towards sports, in general, led to the endmost of the State Sports Committee (the central sports say-so) in 1998. This closure is viewed equally an attempt to partially de-politicize organized sports and move Chinese sport policies towards a more market-driven approach.[32] As a issue of these irresolute sociological factors inside China, both traditional styles and modern Wushu approaches are being promoted by the Chinese government.[33]

Chinese martial arts are an integral element of 20th-century Chinese popular civilization.[34] Wuxia or "martial arts fiction" is a popular genre that emerged in the early on 20th century and peaked in popularity during the 1960s to 1980s. Wuxia films were produced from the 1920s. The Kuomintang suppressed wuxia, accusing it of promoting superstition and trigger-happy anarchy. Because of this, wuxia came to flourish in British Hong Kong, and the genre of kung fu movie in Hong Kong activeness cinema became wildly pop, coming to international attention from the 1970s. The genre underwent a desperate decline in the belatedly 1990s every bit the Hong Kong picture industry was crushed by economic low.

In the wake of Ang Lee's Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000), there has been somewhat of a revival of Chinese-produced wuxia films aimed at an international audience, including Zhang Yimou'south Hero (2002), Firm of Flying Daggers (2004) and Expletive of the Gilt Bloom (2006), as well as Su Chao-pin and John Woo's Reign of Assassins (2010).

Styles [edit]

China has a long history of martial arts traditions that includes hundreds of unlike styles. Over the past two g years, many distinctive styles have been adult, each with its own set of techniques and ideas.[35] At that place are likewise common themes to the unlike styles, which are often classified by "families" ( 家 ; jiā ), "sects" ( 派 ; pai ) or "schools" ( 門 ; men ). There are styles that mimic movements from animals and others that gather inspiration from diverse Chinese philosophies, myths and legends. Some styles put most of their focus into the harnessing of qi, while others concentrate on competition.

Chinese martial arts can be divide into various categories to differentiate them: For example, external ( 外家拳 ) and internal ( 內家拳 ).[36] Chinese martial arts tin also be categorized by location, as in northern ( 北拳 ) and southern ( 南拳 ) besides, referring to what part of China the styles originated from, separated by the Yangtze River (長江); Chinese martial arts may fifty-fifty be classified co-ordinate to their province or urban center.[24] The main perceived divergence between northern and southern styles is that the northern styles tend to emphasize fast and powerful kicks, high jumps and more often than not fluid and rapid movement, while the southern styles focus more than on strong arm and paw techniques, and stable, immovable stances and fast footwork. Examples of the northern styles include changquan and xingyiquan. Examples of the southern styles include Bak Mei, Wuzuquan, Choy Li Fut, and Wing Chun. Chinese martial arts can also exist divided according to organized religion, imitative-styles ( 象形拳 ), and family styles such equally Hung Gar ( 洪家 ). At that place are distinctive differences in the grooming between different groups of the Chinese martial arts regardless of the blazon of classification. Nonetheless, few experienced martial artists make a articulate distinction between internal and external styles, or subscribe to the idea of northern systems existence predominantly kick-based and southern systems relying more than heavily on upper-body techniques. Nearly styles contain both hard and soft elements, regardless of their internal nomenclature. Analyzing the departure in accordance with yin and yang principles, philosophers would assert that the absenteeism of either one would render the practitioner's skills unbalanced or deficient, equally yin and yang lone are each just one-half of a whole. If such differences did once exist, they have since been blurred.

Training [edit]

Chinese martial arts training consists of the following components: basics, forms, applications and weapons; dissimilar styles place varying accent on each component.[37] In addition, philosophy, ethics and even medical practice[38] are highly regarded past most Chinese martial arts. A complete preparation system should also provide insight into Chinese attitudes and culture.[39]

Nuts [edit]

The Nuts ( 基本功 ) are a vital function of any martial training, equally a student cannot progress to the more avant-garde stages without them. Basics are usually made upwards of rudimentary techniques, conditioning exercises, including stances. Basic training may involve simple movements that are performed repeatedly; other examples of basic grooming are stretching, meditation, striking, throwing, or jumping. Without strong and flexible muscles, management of Qi or breath, and proper trunk mechanics, it is incommunicable for a pupil to progress in the Chinese martial arts.[xl] [41] A common saying concerning basic training in Chinese martial arts is every bit follows:[42]

内外相合，外重手眼身法步，内修心神意氣力。

Which translates equally:

Train both Internal and External. External training includes the hands, the optics, the body and stances. Internal preparation includes the heart, the spirit, the mind, breathing and strength.

Stances [edit]

Stances (steps or 步法) are structural postures employed in Chinese martial arts preparation.[43] [44] [ self-published source? ] They represent the foundation and the class of a fighter's base of operations. Each style has different names and variations for each opinion. Stances may be differentiated by pes position, weight distribution, body alignment, etc. Stance training can be practiced statically, the goal of which is to maintain the structure of the stance through a set time period, or dynamically, in which case a series of movements is performed repeatedly. The Horse stance ( 騎馬步/馬步 ; qí mǎ bù/mǎ bù ) and the bow stance are examples of stances plant in many styles of Chinese martial arts.

Meditation [edit]

In many Chinese martial arts, meditation is considered to be an of import component of basic grooming. Meditation can exist used to develop focus, mental clarity and can act every bit a basis for qigong training.[45] [46]

Utilise of qi [edit]

The concept of qi or ch'i ( 氣 ) is encountered in a number of Chinese martial arts. Qi is variously defined as an inner energy or "life force" that is said to breathing living beings; as a term for proper skeletal alignment and efficient use of musculature (sometimes as well known equally fa jin or jin); or as a shorthand for concepts that the martial arts student might not yet be ready to understand in full. These meanings are not necessarily mutually exclusive.[note 1] The beingness of qi as a measurable form of energy as discussed in traditional Chinese medicine has no footing in the scientific understanding of physics, medicine, biological science or human physiology.[47]

There are many ideas regarding the control of one's qi energy to such an extent that it can be used for healing oneself or others.[48] Some styles believe in focusing qi into a single point when attacking and aim at specific areas of the human body. Such techniques are known as dim mak and have principles that are similar to acupressure.[49]

Weapons training [edit]

Virtually Chinese styles also make utilise of training in the broad arsenal of Chinese weapons for conditioning the body every bit well as coordination and strategy drills.[fifty] Weapons training ( 器械 ; qìxiè ) is by and large carried out subsequently the student becomes adept with the bones forms and applications grooming. The basic theory for weapons training is to consider the weapon equally an extension of the torso. It has the same requirements for footwork and body coordination as the basics.[51] The process of weapon training proceeds with forms, forms with partners and so applications. Most systems have training methods for each of the 18 Arms of Wushu( 十八般兵器 ; shíbābānbīngqì ) in addition to specialized instruments specific to the arrangement.

Application [edit]

Awarding refers to the practical employ of combative techniques. Chinese martial arts techniques are ideally based on efficiency and effectiveness.[52] [53] Application includes non-compliant drills, such equally Pushing Easily in many internal martial arts, and sparring, which occurs within a multifariousness of contact levels and dominion sets.

When and how applications are taught varies from style to style. Today, many styles begin to teach new students by focusing on exercises in which each student knows a prescribed range of gainsay and technique to drill on. These drills are oftentimes semi-compliant, meaning one student does not offer active resistance to a technique, in social club to allow its demonstrative, clean execution. In more resisting drills, fewer rules use, and students practice how to react and respond. 'Sparring' refers to a more advanced format, which simulates a combat situation while including rules that reduce the chance of serious injury.

Competitive sparring disciplines include Chinese kickboxing Sǎnshǒu ( 散手 ) and Chinese folk wrestling Shuāijiāo ( 摔跤 ), which were traditionally contested on a raised platform loonshit, or Lèitái ( 擂台 ).[54] Lèitái were used in public claiming matches first appeared in the Song Dynasty. The objective for those contests was to knock the opponent from a raised platform by whatsoever means necessary. San Shou represents the modern development of Lei Tai contests, but with rules in identify to reduce the hazard of serious injury. Many Chinese martial art schools teach or work within the rule sets of Sanshou, working to incorporate the movements, characteristics, and theory of their fashion.[55] Chinese martial artists also compete in non-Chinese or mixed Combat sport, including battle, kickboxing and Mixed martial arts.

Forms [edit]

Forms or taolu (Chinese: 套路; pinyin: tàolù ) in Chinese are series of predetermined movements combined so they tin can exist proficient as a continuous prepare of movements. Forms were originally intended to preserve the lineage of a particular manner branch, and were often taught to advanced students selected for that purpose. Forms contained both literal, representative and exercise-oriented forms of applicable techniques that students could extract, test, and railroad train in through sparring sessions.[56]

Today, many consider taolu to exist ane of the near of import practices in Chinese martial arts. Traditionally, they played a smaller role in training for combat application and took a back seat to sparring, drilling, and workout. Forms gradually build upward a practitioner's flexibility, internal and external strength, speed and stamina, and they teach balance and coordination. Many styles contain forms that use weapons of various lengths and types, using one or two easily. Some styles focus on a certain type of weapon. Forms are meant to be both practical, usable, and applicative likewise as to promote fluid motility, meditation, flexibility, remainder, and coordination. Students are encouraged to visualize an attacker while grooming the form.

There are two general types of taolu in Chinese martial arts. Most common are solo forms performed by a single student. At that place are also sparring forms — choreographed fighting sets performed by ii or more people. Sparring forms were designed both to acquaint beginning fighters with basic measures and concepts of combat and to serve as operation pieces for the schoolhouse. Weapons-based sparring forms are especially useful for pedagogy students the extension, range, and technique required to manage a weapon.

Forms in Traditional Chinese Martial Arts [edit]

The term taolu (套路) is a shortened version of Tao Lu Yun Dong (套路運動), an expression introduced only recently with the popularity of modern wushu. This expression refers to "exercise sets" and used in the context of athletics or sport.

In contrast, in traditional Chinese martial arts alternative terminologies for the training (練) of 'sets or forms are:

  • lian quan tao (練拳套) – practicing a sequence of fists.
  • lian quan jiao (練拳腳) – practicing fists and feet.
  • lian bing qi (練兵器) – practicing weapons.
  • dui da (對打) and dui lian (對練) – fighting sets.

Traditional "sparring" sets, called dui da (對打) or dui lian (對練), were an essential part of Chinese martial arts for centuries. Dui lian means, to train by a pair of combatants opposing each other—the character lian (練), refers to practice; to railroad train; to perfect ane's skill; to drill. Every bit well, often one of these terms are also included in the proper name of fighting sets (雙演; shuang yan), "paired practice" (掙勝; zheng sheng), "to struggle with strength for victory" (敵; di), friction match – the grapheme suggests to strike an enemy; and "to break" (破; po).

Generally, there are 21, 18, 12, nine or 5 drills or 'exchanges/groupings' of attacks and counterattacks, in each dui lian set. These drills were considered only generic patterns and never meant to exist considered inflexible 'tricks'. Students expert smaller parts/exchanges, individually with opponents switching sides in a continuous flow. Dui lian were not only sophisticated and constructive methods of passing on the fighting knowledge of the older generation, but they were as well essential and effective preparation methods. The human relationship between single sets and contact sets is complicated, in that some skills cannot exist developed with solo 'sets', and, conversely, with dui lian. Unfortunately, it appears that virtually traditional combat oriented dui lian and their training methodology accept disappeared, particularly those apropos weapons. There are several reasons for this. In mod Chinese martial arts, most of the dui lian are recent inventions designed for lite props resembling weapons, with safety and drama in listen. The role of this kind of training has degenerated to the bespeak of being useless in a practical sense, and, at all-time, is merely performance.

Past the early Song period, sets were non so much "private isolated technique strung together" but rather were composed of techniques and counter technique groupings. It is quite clear that "sets" and "fighting (two-person) sets" accept been instrumental in traditional Chinese martial arts for many hundreds of years—even before the Song Dynasty. At that place are images of two-person weapon preparation in Chinese stone painting going back at least to the Eastern Han Dynasty.

According to what has been passed on by the older generations, the judge ratio of contact sets to single sets was approximately 1:3. In other words, nearly thirty% of the 'sets' practiced at Shaolin were contact sets, dui lian, and two-person drill training. This ratio is, in part, evidenced by the Qing Dynasty mural at Shaolin.

For most of its history, Shaolin martial arts was mostly weapon-focused: staves were used to defend the monastery, not bare hands. Even the more recent military exploits of Shaolin during the Ming and Qing Dynasties involved weapons. According to some traditions, monks get-go studied basics for i year and were and so taught staff fighting and then that they could protect the monastery. Although wrestling has been as sport in Prc for centuries, weapons have been an essential part of Chinese wushu since aboriginal times. If 1 wants to talk about recent or 'modern' developments in Chinese martial arts (including Shaolin for that matter), it is the over-emphasis on blank paw fighting. During the Northern Song Dynasty (976- 997 A.D) when platform fighting is known as Da Laitai (Championship Fights Challenge on Platform) commencement appeared, these fights were with only swords and staves. Although later, when bare hand fights appeared likewise, it was the weapons events that became the most famous. These open-ring competitions had regulations and were organized by regime organizations; the public also organized some. The government competitions, held in the uppercase and prefectures, resulted in appointments for winners, to military machine posts.

Exercise forms vs. kung fu in combat [edit]

Fifty-fifty though forms in Chinese martial arts are intended to depict realistic martial techniques, the movements are non always identical to how techniques would be practical in gainsay. Many forms have been elaborated upon, on the one paw, to provide meliorate combat preparedness, and on the other hand to look more than aesthetically pleasing. I manifestation of this tendency toward elaboration beyond combat application is the use of lower stances and higher, stretching kicks. These 2 maneuvers are unrealistic in combat and are used in forms for exercise purposes.[57] Many modern schools take replaced applied defense or offense movements with acrobatic feats that are more than spectacular to watch, thereby gaining favor during exhibitions and competitions.[note 2] This has led to criticisms by traditionalists of the endorsement of the more acrobatic, show-oriented Wushu competition.[58] Historically forms were often performed for entertainment purposes long before the advent of modern Wushu as practitioners accept looked for supplementary income by performing on the streets or in theaters. Documentation in ancient literature during the Tang Dynasty (618–907) and the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1279) suggests some sets, (including two + person sets: dui da likewise called dui lian) became very elaborate and 'flowery', many mainly concerned with aesthetics. During this fourth dimension, some martial arts systems devolved to the indicate that they became pop forms of martial art storytelling entertainment shows. This created an entire category of martial arts known equally Hua Fa Wuyi. During the Northern Song period, it was noted by historians this type of training had a negative influence on training in the military.

Many traditional Chinese martial artists, also equally practitioners of modernistic sport gainsay, accept become critical of the perception that forms work is more relevant to the art than sparring and drill application, while about keep to come across traditional forms practice within the traditional context—as vital to both proper gainsay execution, the Shaolin artful as an art form, also as upholding the meditative function of the physical fine art form.[59]

Some other reason why techniques often announced dissimilar in forms when contrasted with sparring awarding is thought by some to come up from the darkening of the actual functions of the techniques from outsiders.[60] [ self-published source? ]

Forms exercise is mostly known for teaching combat techniques yet when practicing forms, the practitioner focuses on posture, breathing, and performing the techniques of both right and left sides of the body.[61]

Wushu [edit]

Modernistic forms are used in the sport of wushu, equally seen in this staff routine

The word wu ( 武 ; wǔ ) means "martial". Its Chinese grapheme is made of 2 parts; the first significant "walk" or "terminate" ( 止 ; zhǐ ) and the 2nd meaning "lance" ( 戈 ; gē ). This implies that "wu 武" is a defensive use of combat.[ dubious – discuss ] The term "wushu 武術" meaning "martial arts" goes back every bit far every bit the Liang Dynasty (502–557) in an anthology compiled past Xiao Tong ( 蕭通 ), (Prince Zhaoming; 昭明太子 d. 531), chosen Selected Literature ( 文選 ; Wénxuǎn ). The term is found in the second poetry of a verse form by Yan Yanzhi titled: 皇太子釋奠會作詩 "Huang Taizi Shidian Hui Zuoshi".

"The great man grows the many myriad things . . .

Breaking abroad from the military machine arts,

He promotes fully the cultural mandates."

(Translation from: Echoes of the Past past Yan Yanzhi (384–456))

The term wushu is as well establish in a poem by Cheng Shao (1626–1644) from the Ming Dynasty.

The primeval term for 'martial arts' can be institute in the Han History (206BC-23AD) was "military machine fighting techniques" ( 兵技巧 ; bīng jìqiǎo ). During the Song period (c.960) the name changed to "martial arts" ( 武藝 ; wǔyì ). In 1928 the proper noun was changed to "national arts" ( 國術 ; guóshù ) when the National Martial Arts Academy was established in Nanjing. The term reverted to wǔshù nether the People's Commonwealth of People's republic of china during the early on 1950s.

Every bit forms accept grown in complexity and quantity over the years, and many forms alone could be proficient for a lifetime, modern styles of Chinese martial arts have adult that concentrate solely on forms, and practice non do application at all. These styles are primarily aimed at exhibition and competition, and often include more acrobatic jumps and movements added for enhanced visual outcome[62] compared to the traditional styles. Those who generally prefer to practise traditional styles, focused less on exhibition, are frequently referred to equally traditionalists. Some traditionalists consider the competition forms of today's Chinese martial arts as too commercialized and losing much of their original values.[63] [64]

"Martial morality" [edit]

Traditional Chinese schools of martial arts, such as the famed Shaolin monks, often dealt with the study of martial arts not just equally a means of self-defense force or mental training, but equally a system of ethics.[39] [65] Wude ( 武 德 ) can be translated equally "martial morality" and is constructed from the words wu ( 武 ), which means martial, and de ( 德 ), which means morality. Wude deals with two aspects; "Virtue of deed" and "Virtue of mind". Virtue of deed concerns social relations; morality of listen is meant to cultivate the inner harmony between the emotional listen ( 心 ; Xin ) and the wisdom mind ( 慧 ; Hui ). The ultimate goal is reaching "no extremity" ( 無 極 ; Wuji ) – closely related to the Taoist concept of wu wei – where both wisdom and emotions are in harmony with each other.

Virtues:

Deed
Concept Proper noun Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Pinyin romanization Yale Cantonese Romanization
Humility Qian 謙 谦 qiān hīm
Virtue Cheng 誠 诚 chéng sìhng
Respect Li 禮 礼 lǐ láih
Morality Yi 義 义 yì yih
Trust Xin 信 xìn seun
Mind
Concept Name Chinese Pinyin romanization Yale Cantonese Romanization
Backbone Yong 勇 yǒng yúhng
Patience Ren 忍 rěn yán
Endurance Heng 恆 héng hàhng
Perseverance Yi 毅 yì ngaih
Will Zhi 志 zhì ji

Notable practitioners [edit]

Examples of well-known practitioners ( 武術名師 ) throughout history:

  • Yue Fei (1103–1142 CE) was a famous Chinese general and patriot of the Song Dynasty. Styles such as Eagle Claw and Xingyiquan attribute their creation to Yue. However, there is no historical evidence to support the claim he created these styles.
  • Ng Mui (late 17th century) was the legendary female founder of many Southern martial arts such every bit Fly Chun, and Fujian White Crane. She is often considered i of the legendary 5 Elders who survived the destruction of the Shaolin Temple during the Qing Dynasty.
  • Yang Luchan (1799–1872) was an important instructor of the internal martial fine art known as t'ai chi ch'uan in Beijing during the second half of the 19th century. Yang is known every bit the founder of Yang-style t'ai chi ch'uan, as well as transmitting the art to the Wu/Hao, Wu and Sun t'ai chi families.
  • X Tigers of Canton (late 19th century) was a group of ten of the top Chinese martial arts masters in Guangdong (County) towards the cease of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912). Wong Kei-Ying, Wong Fei Hung's father, was a fellow member of this group.
  • Wong Fei Hung (1847–1924) was considered a Chinese folk hero during the Republican period. More than i hundred Hong Kong movies were made most his life. Sammo Hung, Jackie Chan, and Jet Li take all portrayed his character in blockbuster pictures.
  • Huo Yuanjia (1867–1910) was the founder of Chin Woo Able-bodied Association who was known for his highly publicized matches with foreigners. His biography was recently portrayed in the movie Fearless (2006).
  • Ip Man (1893–1972) was a master of the Wing Chun and the get-go to teach this style openly. Yip Man was the teacher of Bruce Lee. Most major branches of Fly Chun taught in the West today were adult and promoted by students of Yip Man.
  • Gu Ruzhang (1894–1952) was a Chinese martial artist who disseminated the Bak Siu Lum (Northern Shaolin) martial arts system across southern Communist china in the early on 20th century. Gu was known for his expertise in Iron Palm mitt conditioning amongst other Chinese martial art training exercises.
  • Bruce Lee (1940–1973) was a Chinese-American martial artist and role player who was considered an important icon in the 20th century.[66] He practiced Fly Chun and made it famous. Using Wing Chun as his base and learning from the influences of other martial arts his feel exposed him to, he later developed his ain martial arts philosophy that evolved into what is now called Jeet Kune Do.
  • Jackie Chan (b. 1954) is the famous Hong Kong martial creative person, film player, stuntman, activeness choreographer, director and producer, and a global pop culture icon, widely known for injecting physical comedy into his martial arts performances, and for performing complex stunts in many of his films.
  • Jet Li (b. 1963) is the five-time sport wushu champion of China, later demonstrating his skills in cinema.
  • Donnie Yen (b. 1963) is a Hong Kong actor, martial creative person, pic director and producer, action choreographer, and globe wushu tournament medalist.
  • Wu Jing (b. 1974) is a Chinese actor, director, and martial creative person. He was a member of the Beijing wushu team. He started his career as activity choreographer and afterward every bit an thespian.

In popular civilisation [edit]

References to the concepts and use of Chinese martial arts tin be found in popular civilization. Historically, the influence of Chinese martial arts tin exist found in books and in the performance arts specific to Asia.[67] Recently, those influences accept extended to the movies and idiot box that targets a much wider audience. As a result, Chinese martial arts accept spread beyond its ethnic roots and have a global appeal.[68] [69]

Martial arts play a prominent role in the literature genre known equally wuxia ( 武俠小說 ). This type of fiction is based on Chinese concepts of chivalry, a separate martial arts society ( 武林 ; Wulin ) and a central theme involving martial arts.[70] Wuxia stories tin be traced as far back as second and tertiary century BCE, becoming popular by the Tang Dynasty and evolving into novel course past the Ming Dynasty. This genre is withal extremely popular in much of Asia[71] and provides a major influence for the public perception of the martial arts.

Martial arts influences tin also be institute in dance, theater [72] and especially Chinese opera, of which Beijing opera is one of the best-known examples. This popular form of drama dates back to the Tang Dynasty and continues to be an example of Chinese culture. Some martial arts movements can be found in Chinese opera and some martial artists can be establish every bit performers in Chinese operas.[73]

In modernistic times, Chinese martial arts take spawned the genre of cinema known as the Kung fu film. The films of Bruce Lee were instrumental in the initial outburst of Chinese martial arts' popularity in the Westward in the 1970s.[74] Bruce Lee was the iconic international superstar that popularized Chinese martial arts in the West with his own variation of Chinese martial arts chosen Jeet Kune Practice. Information technology is a hybrid style of martial art that Bruce Lee proficient and mastered. Jeet Kune Practise is his very own unique way of martial art that uses little to minimum move but maximizes the event to his opponents. The influence of Chinese martial fine art accept been widely recognized and accept a global entreatment in Western cinemas starting off with Bruce Lee.

Martial artists and actors such as Jet Li and Jackie Chan have connected the appeal of movies of this genre. Jackie Chan successfully brought in a sense of humour in his fighting manner in his movies. Martial arts films from China are often referred to as "kung fu movies" ( 功夫片 ), or "wire-fu" if extensive wire work is performed for special effects, and are notwithstanding best known as part of the tradition of kung fu theater. (see likewise: wuxia, Hong Kong action cinema). The talent of these individuals have broadened Hong Kong'due south cinematography production and rose to popularity overseas, influencing Western cinemas.

In the west, kung fu has get a regular activeness staple, and makes appearances in many films that would not mostly exist considered "Martial Arts" films. These films include but are not express to The Matrix franchise, Kill Bill, and The Transporter.

Martial arts themes can as well exist institute on tv networks. A U.S. network Tv western serial of the early on 1970s chosen Kung Fu also served to popularize the Chinese martial arts on television. With 60 episodes over a iii-year span, it was one of the first North American Television set shows that tried to convey the philosophy and practise in Chinese martial arts.[75] [76] The use of Chinese martial arts techniques can now be establish in almost Goggle box activity series, although the philosophy of Chinese martial arts is seldom portrayed in depth.

Influence on hip hop [edit]

In the 1970s, Bruce Lee was beginning to gain popularity in Hollywood for his martial arts movies. The fact that he was a non-white male who portrayed self-reliance and righteous cocky-discipline resonated with blackness audiences and made him an important figure in this community.[77] Around 1973, Kung Fu movies became a striking in America across all backgrounds; however, black audiences maintained the films' popularity well after the full general public lost interest. Urban youth in New York City were even so going from every borough to Time Square every night to watch the latest movies.[78] Amid these individuals were those coming from the Bronx where, during this fourth dimension, hip-hop was beginning to take grade. One of the pioneers responsible for the development of the foundational aspects of hip-hop was DJ Kool Herc, who began creating this new form of music by taking rhythmic breakdowns of songs and looping them. From the new music came a new form of trip the light fantastic toe known as b-boying or breakdancing, a style of street trip the light fantastic consisting of improvised acrobatic moves. The pioneers of this dance credit kung fu as i of its influences. Moves such every bit the crouching low leg sweep and "up rocking" (standing combat moves) are influenced by choreographed kung-fu fights.[79] The dancers' ability to improvise these moves led mode to battles, which were dance competitions between two dancers or crews judged on their creativity, skills, and musicality. In a documentary, Crazy Legs, a fellow member of breakdancing group Rock Steady Crew, described the breakdancing battle existence like an quondam kung fu moving picture, "where the one kung fu master says something along the lines of 'hun your kung fu is good, but mine is better,' then a fight erupts." [79]

Hip hop group Wu Tang Association were prominently influenced by kung fu picture palace. The name "Wu Tang" itself is a reference to the 1983 film Shaolin and Wu Tang. Subsequent albums by the group (especially their debut album Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)) are rich with references to kung fu films of the 1970s and 1980s, which group members grew upward watching. Several group members (Ghostface Killah, Ol' Muddy Bastard, Method Man, and Masta Killa) had besides taken their stage names from kung fu cinema. Several music videos, promotional photos, etc. feature group members posing or engaging with kung fu regalia and activity sequences.

Come across as well [edit]

  • Xviii Arms of Wushu
  • Hard and soft (martial arts)
  • Kung fu (disambiguation)
  • List of Chinese martial arts
  • Wushu (sport)
  • Kwoon
  • Weapons and armor in Chinese mythology

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Pages 26–33[24]
  2. ^ Pages 118–119[56]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts

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